Some mission characteristics, however, led to design--the creation of a plan or convention for the construction of an object or a system (as in architectural blueprints, engineering drawing, business process, circuit diagrams and sewing patterns) changes: primarily in the areas if thermal control, communications and electrical power.
For example, since Mars, the fourth planet from the Sun and the second smallest planet in the Solar System, is approximately twice as far from the Sun, the star at the center of the Solar System, as Venus is, the radiant heating of the spacecraft will be four times greater for “Venus Express” than “Mars Express.” Also, the ionizing radiation, or radiation composed of particles that individually carry through energy to liberate an electron from an atom or molecule, ionizing it, environment will be harsher.
On the other hand, the more intense illumination of the solar panels (also known as “solar modules,” “photovoltaic module,” or “photovoltaic panel”), packaged connected assemblies of photovoltaic cells, will result in more generated photovoltaic--solar cell, an electrical device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect, power.
The “Venus Express” mission also uses some spare instruments for the “Rosetta” spacecraft, a robotic spacecraft of the European Space Agency on a mission to study the comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. The mission was proposed by a consortium led by D. Titov (Germany), E. Lellouch (France) and F. Taylor (United Kingdom).
See: MEO/LEO Satellites: Acceptable latencies but lower speeds
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