The early Hebrew and Islamic knowledge of medicine

Most of our knowledge of ancient Hebrew medicine during the 1st millenium BC, encompassing the Iron Age and sees the rise of many successive empires, and spanned from 1000 BC to 1 BC, come from the Torah, the Jewish name for the first five books of the Jewish Bible, i.e. the Five Books of Moses--Moses, as according to the Hebrew Bible and the Qur’an, is a religious leader, lawgiver and prophet, to whom the authorship of the Torah is traditionally attributed. It contains various health related laws and rituals.

The Hebrew contribution to the development of modern medicine started in  the Byzantine Era (“Byzantium”), the Roman Empire during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, centred on the capital of Constantinople, with the physician Asaph the Jew, also known as “Asaph ben Berakhiah,” “Asaph Judaeus,” “Asaph ha-Jehoudi,” or “Assph ha-Jehoudi” and by other names, the first Hebrew medical writer, and has since been tremendous.

After 750 CE, the Muslim world had the works of Hippocrates, Galen and Sushruta translated into Arabic, and Islamic physicians engaged in some significant medical research, i.e. in the history of medicine, Islamic medicine, Arabic medicine, Greco-Arabic and Greco-Islamic refer to medicine developed in the Islamic Golden Age, and written in Arabic, the “lingua franca” of Islamic civilization.

Notable Islamic medical pioneers include Avicenna, a Persian polymath (“Renaissance man”), or a person whose expertise spans a significant number of different subject areas; he wrote almost 450 treatises in a wide range of subjects, of which around 240 survived. He, along with Imhotep and Hippocrates, has also been called the “father of medicine.” In 1025, he wrote “The Canon of Medicine,” an encyclopedia of medicine in five books, considered one of the most famous books in the history of medicine.

Others include: Abulcasis, an Arab physician who lived in Al-Andalus; Avenzoar, an Arab-Muslim physician, surgeon and a contemporary of Maimonides and Averroes; Averroes is an Andalusian Muslim polymath--master of Aristotelian philosophy, Islamic philosophy, Maliki law and jurisprudence, logic, psychology, politics, Arab music theory, and the sciences of medicine, astronomy, geography, mathematics, physics and celestial mechanics; and Ibn al-Nafis, an Arab physician who is mostly famous for being the first to describe the pulmonary circulation of the blood.

Rhazes (“Rasis”), a Persian polymath, a prominent figure in Islamic Golden Age, physician, alchemist and chemist, philosopher, and scholar, was one of the first to question the Greek theory of humorism (“humoralism”), a now discredited (but historically important) theory of the makeup and workings of the human body, adopted by Greek and Roman physicians and philosophers, positing that an excess or deficiency of any for distance bodily fluids in a person directly influences their temperament and health. Nevertheless, it remained influential in both medieval Western and medieval Islamic medicine.

The Islamic Bimaristan hospitals, an early example of public hospitals, or hospitals owned by a government and receives government funding.

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Shinya Yamanaka's Professional Career

Shinya Yamanaka is a Japanese physician and researcher of adult stem cells, or biological cells found in all multicellular organisms, that can divide through mitosis and differentiate into diverse specialized cell types and can self-renew to produce more stem cells.

Yamanaka serves as the director of Center for iPS Cell Research and Application and a professor at the Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences at Kyoto University, or “Kyodai,” a national university located in Kyoto, Japan; and as a professor of anatomy at University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), a center of health sciences research, patient care, and education, located in San Francisco, California. He is also the current president of the International Society for Stem Cell Research (ISSCR).

In 2011, he received the Wolf Prize in Medicine, awarded once a year by the Wolf Foundation in Israel, with Rudolf Jaenisch, a biologist at MIT. This year, he won two prizes: the Millenium Technology Prize, the largest technology prizes in the world, together with Linus Torvalds, a Finnish American software engineer and hacker, who has the principal force behind the development of the Linux kernel; and the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, administered by the Nobel Foundation, awarded once a year for outstanding discoveries in the fields of life sciences and medicine, together with John B. Gurdon.

Between 1987 and 1989, Yamanaka was a resident in orthopedic surgery at the National Osaka Hospital. From 1993 to 1996, he was at the Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, an independent and nonprofit biomedical research organization whose focus is to better understand, prevent, treat and cure cardiovascular, viral and neurological conditions such as heart failure, HIV/AIDS and Alzheimer’s disease; which is affiliated with the University of California, San Francisco (“UCSF”), a center of health sciences research, patient care, and education, located in San Francisco.

Between 1996 and 1999, he was an assistant professor, which is generally a rank held for a probationary period of three to seven years, after which the individual must either earn tenure and promotion to associate professor or find other employment, at the Nara Institute of Science and Technology, abbreviated as NAIST, a Japanese national university located in Ikoma, Nara of Kansai Science City. During 2003-2005, he was a professor at the Nara Institute of Science and Technology. Between 2004 and 2010, Yamanaka was a professor at the Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences. Currently, Yamanaka is the director and a professor at the Center for iPS Cell Research and Application in Kyoto University, Japan.

In 2006, he and his team induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells), a type of pluripotent stem cell artificially derived from a non-pluripotent cell--typically an adult somatic cell--by inducing a “forced” expression of specific genes, from adult mouse fibroblasts, a type of cell that synthesizes the extracellular matrix and collagen, the structural framework (stroma) for animal tissues, and plays a critical role in wound healing.

iPS cells closely resemble embryonic stem cells (“ES cells”), pluripotent stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst, an early-stage embryo, the “in vitro” equivalent of the part of the blastocyst, a structure formed in the early development of vertebrates (the embryo a few days after fertilization), which grows to become which the embryo proper. They could show that his iPS cells were pluripotent, which in cell biology, refers to a stem cell that has the potential to differentiate into any of the three germ layers: endoderm (interior stomach lining, gastrointestinal tract, the lungs), mesoderm, (muscle (muscle, bone, blood, urogenital), or ectoderm (epidermal tissues and nervous system); i.e. capable of generating all cell lineages of the body, and were soon after capable of generating mice from iPS cells.

In 2007, he and his team generated iPS cells from human adult fibroblasts, again as the first group to do so. A key difference from previous attempts by the field was his team’s use of multiple transcription factors (sometimes called a sequence-specific DNA-binding factor), which in molecular biology and genetics, is a protein  that binds to specific DNA sequences, thereby controlling the flow (or transcription) of genetic information from DNA to mRNA. It is instead of transfecting, or the process deliberately introducing nucleic acids into cells, one transcription factor per experiment.

They started with 24 transcription factors known to be important in the early embryo, but could in the end reduce it to four transcription factors--SoX2, also known as “SRY (sex determining region-Y)-box 2, a transcription factor that is essential for maintaining self-renewal and pluripotency, of undifferentiated embryonic stem cells; Oct4 (octamer-binding transcription factor 4), also known as “POU5F1” (POU domain, class 5, transcription factor 1), a protein that in humans is encoded by the “POU5F1” gene; Klf4 (“Kruppel-like factor 4”), a protein that in humans is encoded by the “KLF4” gene; and, c-Myc (“Myc”), a regulator gene that codes for a transcription factor.

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Harris and Tampa Microwave to launch Triband antenna at MILCOM 2012

Harris Corporation and Tampa Microwave have developed a powerful 1.3 meter triband satellite communications antenna together, which will be introduced at the upcoming MILCOM 2012 to be held in Orlando, Florida from October 29 to November 1. The single case antenna will be on display at the Harris’ booth together with the company’s line of antenna products. 

According to Harris, the new VSAT product supports X, Ku and Ka band communications services which can be utilized by military organizations for mission critical communications. The triband antenna has been developed to withstand rugged conditions of military operations. Named the “Seeker” the device has been designed for superior satellite tracking performance with low power consumption. It can also be bundled with satellite bandwidth services from Haprock’s list of satellite communications services. 

The 1.3 meter antenna is also portable, and can be easily set-up in just ten minutes. Harris’ latest VSAT product shares the same components like previously manufacture devices allowing for swappable electronics which lessens cost of ownership. The company teamed up with Tampa Microwave to equip the new triband antenna with an interchangeable, receiver/transmitter and outdoor modem module. 

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John Gurdon on ethics, politics, religion, and anti-theism

Sir John Bertrand Gurdon (JBG), on the other hand, is a British development biologist, the one who studies the process by which organisms grow and develop.

JBG is best known for his pioneering research on somatic-cell nuclear transplantation (“SCNT”), which in genetics and developmental biology, is a laboratory technique for creating a clone embryo with a donor nucleus; and cloning, also in biology, is the process of producing similar populations of genetically identical individuals that occurs in nature when organisms such as bacteria, insects or plants reproduce asexually.

In 2009, Gurdon was awarded the Lasker Award, which is awarded annually since 1946 to living persons who have made major contributions to medical science or who have performed public service on behalf of medicine. And this year, won a Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine, administered by the Nobel Foundation, awarded once a year for outstanding discoveries in the fields of life sciences and medicine, with Yamanaka.

Aside from the sciences, Gurdon also has a stand on other socio-political topics. Here’s his take on ethics, politics, religion and anti-theism: “[O]n politics I am middle of the road; one thing I do object to are people who do no work and assume that the state must support them; I have respect for people who put a lot into life and contribute; on religion, my father took us to Church every Sunday morning; I support the church; in terms of religious views I would say I am agnostic on the grounds of I don’t know; there is no scientific proof either way; I support the ethics of the Church of England; I am anti-Roman Catholic as I think they should let people decide for themselves on contraception; I find myself giving lectures to theology students from time to time; this happened because when Master of Magdalene College I thought the sermons were boring; I suggested to the Chaplain at Magdalene that he occasionally asked Fellows to give an address on anything they would like to talk about; the letter was not responded to but the Bishop of Coventry, Simon Barrington-Ward, came back to Magdalene and I mentioned the idea to him; he thought it a good idea and I was asked an address; I choose to take as a theme that you should not be prevented from trying to relieve human suffering by your religious views; l rather controversial, and the Chaplain didn’t like it all, (by this time I was Master of the College), he got preferment at Windsor and decided that it was interesting and invited me to give it to the theology students in Windsor Castle; I did so and he was very supportive; we disagree on a number of things but I continue do it; these are priests in service who come for revision classes, sent by their Bishop; after the talk I get them to vote; the first time they voted against the line I was tracking; the Chaplain suggested that the next time we have a secret vote and then it came out in favour; I like talking on to what extent religion should interfere in the relief of suffering; a classic case is cystic fibrosis and should you get rid of embryos that are going to have it by in vitro-fertilization, and avoid enormous suffering; as Master of Magdalene never found any difficulty in presiding in Chapel; I don’t think an agnostic position is inappropriate; I support what the church does very strongly, but the fact that I can’t prove what we believe is a good reason to be called agnostic; Richard Dawkins’ views are rather too aggressive but make him good as a television presenter; he was a graduate student shortly after me and worked under Tinbergen; he does ineterest people in science and that is good though I wouldn’t agree with his views on religion.”

See: http://www.newsat.com/VSAT/broadband.html

The Professional Career of Shinya Yamanaka, 2012 Nobel Prize Awardee by John Diaz

Shinya Yamanaka is a Japanese physician and researcher of adult stem cells, or biological cells found in all multicellular organisms, that can divide through mitosis and differentiate into diverse specialized cell types and can self-renew to produce more stem cells.

Yamanaka serves as the director of Center for iPS Cell Research and Application and a professor at the Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences at Kyoto University, or “Kyodai,” a national university located in Kyoto, Japan; and as a professor of anatomy at University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), a center of health sciences research, patient care, and education, located in San Francisco, California. He is also the current president of the International Society for Stem Cell Research (ISSCR).

In 2011, he received the Wolf Prize in Medicine, awarded once a year by the Wolf Foundation in Israel, with Rudolf Jaenisch, a biologist at MIT. This year, he won two prizes: the Millenium Technology Prize, the largest technology prizes in the world, together with Linus Torvalds, a Finnish American software engineer and hacker, who has the principal force behind the development of the Linux kernel; and the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, administered by the Nobel Foundation, awarded once a year for outstanding discoveries in the fields of life sciences and medicine, together with John B. Gurdon.

Between 1987 and 1989, Yamanaka was a resident in orthopedic surgery at the National Osaka Hospital. From 1993 to 1996, he was at the Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, an independent and nonprofit biomedical research organization whose focus is to better understand, prevent, treat and cure cardiovascular, viral and neurological conditions such as heart failure, HIV/AIDS and Alzheimer’s disease; which is affiliated with the University of California, San Francisco (“UCSF”), a center of health sciences research, patient care, and education, located in San Francisco.

Between 1996 and 1999, he was an assistant professor, which is generally a rank held for a probationary period of three to seven years, after which the individual must either earn tenure and promotion to associate professor or find other employment, at the Nara Institute of Science and Technology, abbreviated as NAIST, a Japanese national university located in Ikoma, Nara of Kansai Science City. During 2003-2005, he was a professor at the Nara Institute of Science and Technology. Between 2004 and 2010, Yamanaka was a professor at the Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences. Currently, Yamanaka is the director and a professor at the Center for iPS Cell Research and Application in Kyoto University, Japan.

In 2006, he and his team induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells), a type of pluripotent stem cell artificially derived from a non-pluripotent cell--typically an adult somatic cell--by inducing a “forced” expression of specific genes, from adult mouse fibroblasts, a type of cell that synthesizes the extracellular matrix and collagen, the structural framework (stroma) for animal tissues, and plays a critical role in wound healing.

iPS cells closely resemble embryonic stem cells (“ES cells”), pluripotent stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst, an early-stage embryo, the “in vitro” equivalent of the part of the blastocyst, a structure formed in the early development of vertebrates (the embryo a few days after fertilization), which grows to become which the embryo proper. They could show that his iPS cells were pluripotent, which in cell biology, refers to a stem cell that has the potential to differentiate into any of the three germ layers: endoderm (interior stomach lining, gastrointestinal tract, the lungs), mesoderm, (muscle (muscle, bone, blood, urogenital), or ectoderm (epidermal tissues and nervous system); i.e. capable of generating all cell lineages of the body, and were soon after capable of generating mice from iPS cells.

In 2007, he and his team generated iPS cells from human adult fibroblasts, again as the first group to do so. A key difference from previous attempts by the field was his team’s use of multiple transcription factors (sometimes called a sequence-specific DNA-binding factor), which in molecular biology and genetics, is a protein  that binds to specific DNA sequences, thereby controlling the flow (or transcription) of genetic information from DNA to mRNA. It is instead of transfecting, or the process deliberately introducing nucleic acids into cells, one transcription factor per experiment.

They started with 24 transcription factors known to be important in the early embryo, but could in the end reduce it to four transcription factors--SoX2, also known as “SRY (sex determining region-Y)-box 2, a transcription factor that is essential for maintaining self-renewal and pluripotency, of undifferentiated embryonic stem cells; Oct4 (octamer-binding transcription factor 4), also known as “POU5F1” (POU domain, class 5, transcription factor 1), a protein that in humans is encoded by the “POU5F1” gene; Klf4 (“Kruppel-like factor 4”), a protein that in humans is encoded by the “KLF4” gene; and, c-Myc (“Myc”), a regulator gene that codes for a transcription factor.

See: VSAT Internet on Satellite Services

Capability development, the military "strength"

Capability development, which is often referred to as the military “strength,” is arguably one of the most complex activities known to humanity because it requires determining: strategic, operational and tactical capability requirements to counter the identified threats; strategic, operational and tactical doctrines by which the acquired capabilities will be used; identifying concepts, methods and systems involved in executing the doctrines; creating design specifications for the manufacturers who would produce these in adequate quantity and quality for their use in combat; purchase the concepts, methods and systems; create force structures that would use the concepts, methods and systems most effectively and efficiently; integrate these concepts, methods and systems into the force syoceture by providing military education and training, a process which intends to establish and improve the capabilities of military personnel in their respective roles, and practice, or “military exercise” and “war game” in American English, the employment of military resources in training for military operations, either exploring the effects of warfare or testing strategies without actual combat, that preferably resembles combat environment of intended use; create military logistics systems, the discipline of planning and carrying out the movement and maintenance of military forces, to allow continued and uninterrupted performance of military organizations, or the structuring of the armed forces of a state so as to offer military capability required by the national defence policy, under combat conditions, including provision of health services to the personnel and maintenance for the equipment the services to assist recovery of wounded personnel and repair of damaged equipment and finally post-conflict mobilization, the process of standing down a nation's armed forces from combat-ready status, and disposal of war stocks surplus to peacetime requirements.

Development of military doctrine, the concise expression of how many forces contribute to campaigns, major operations, battles, and engagements, is perhaps the more important of all capability development activities because it determines how military forces were, and are used in conflicts. It also determines the concepts and methods used by the command to employ appropriately military skilled, armed--a “soldier” is the one who fights as part of an organized land-based armed force; if that force is for hire, the person is generally termed a mercenary soldier, or mercenary--and equipped personnel in achievement of the tangible goals and objectives; military technology is the collection of equipment, vehicles, structure and communication systems that are designed for use in warfare. This could be for the following: war, an organized, armed and often a prolonged conflict that is carried on between states, nations, or rather parties typified by extreme aggression, social disruption, and usually high mortality; campaign, in military sciences, applies to a large scale, long duration, significant military strategy plan incorporating a series of interrelated military operations or battles forming a distinct part of a larger conflict often called a war; battle, generally is a conceptual component in the hierarchy of combat in warfare between two or more armed forces, or combatants; engagement; action; or a duel, generally signifying an arranged engagement in combat between two individuals, with matched weapons in accordance with agreed-upon rules.

The line between strategy and tactics is not easily blurred, although deciding which is being discussed had sometimes been a matter of personal judgment by some commentators, and military historians. The use of forces at the level of organization between strategic and tactical is called operational mobility. It is a military theory concept during the period of mechanization of armed forces, became a method of managing movement of forces by strategic commanders from the staging area to their Tactical Area of Responsibility.   

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Military and Technology: War Finance: A Major Part of Defense Economy

Military and Technology: War Finance: A Major Part of Defense Economy: The term “war finance,” branch of defense economics, denotes a number of measures including fiscal and monetary initiatives to fund the expe...

War Finance: A Major Part of Defense Economy

The term “war finance,” branch of defense economics, denotes a number of measures including fiscal and monetary initiatives to fund the expenditure of a war, an organized, armed, and often a prolonged conflict that is carried on between states, nations, or other parties typified by extreme aggression, social disruption, and usually high mortality.

Such measures are broadly classified in three categories: levy of taxes, the imposed financial charge or other levy upon a “taxpayer,” an individual or legal entity, by a state or the functional equivalent of a state such that failure to pay is punishable by law; raising of debts, an obligation owed by one party (the debtor) to a second party (the creditor), usually referring to assets granted by the creditor to the debtor, but the term can also be used metaphorically to cover moral obligations and other interactions not based on economic value; and creation of fresh money supply, or “money stock,” which in economics, is the total amount of monetary assets available in an economy at a specific time. Thus, these measure may include levy of specific taxation, increase and enlarging the scope of existing taxation, raising of compulsory and voluntary loans from the public, arranging loans from foreign sovereign states or financial institutions, as also creation of money by the government or the central banking authority.   

Throughout the history of human civilization, from the ancient time until the modern era, conflicts and wars have always been involved in raising of resources and war finance has remained, in some form or another, a major part of any defense economy.

Every nation in the history of mankind had different needs for military forces. The basis of their composition, equipment and use of facilities is formed when the needs are determined. Aside from that, it also determines what military does in terms of peacetime and wartime activities.

All militaries, whether large or small, are military organizations, or the structuring of the armed forces of a state so as to offer military capability required by the national defence policy. They must perform certain functions and fulfill certain roles to qualify for being designated as such. If they fail to do so, they may become known as: paramilitary, a military force whose function and organization are similar to those of a professional military, but which is not considered part of a state’s formal armed forces; civil defense, “civil protection,” an effort to protect the citizens of a state, generally non-combatants, from military attack; militia, or irregular army, commonly used to refer to a military force composed of ordinary citizens to provide defense, emergency law enforcement, or paramilitary service, in times of emergency without being paid a regular salary or committed to a fixed term of service; or others which are not military. The commonalities of that state’s military define them.

Another requirement is for the military command personnel, often called their officer corps, a member of an armed force or uniformed service who holds a position of authority, to command subordinated military personnel, a blanket term used to refer to members of any formed force. They are generally known as soldiers, the people who fight as part of an organized land-based armed force, however generally called a mercenary soldier, or simply mercenary, if that force is hiring the person; sailors (“mariners,” or “seaman”), a person who navigates water-borne vessels or assists in their operation, maintenance, or service; marines, a member of an infantry force that specialized in naval operations such as amphibious assault; or airmen, members of the air component of a nation’s armed service. They are capable of executing the many specialized operational missions and tasks required for the military to execute the policy directives. Military also has its projects, and routines; ”military administration” which identifies both the techniques and systems used by military departments, agencies, and Armed Services involved in the management of the armed forces. It is just like in the commercial enterprises, (also known as a “business,” or a “firm”) when an organization engaged in the trade of goods, services, or both to consumers, where there are, in a corporate setting, directors, managers, and various staff that carry out the business of the day as part of business operations, or those ongoing recurring (cyclic) activities involved in the running of a business of the purpose of producing value for the stakeholders, or undertake business project management, or the discipline of planning, organizing, securing, managing, leading and controlling resources to achieve specific goals.   

During peacetime when military personnel are mostly employed in garrisons, the collective term of a body of troops stationed in a particular location, originally to guard it, but now often simply using it as a home base, or permanent military facilities they mostly conduct administrative tasks, “military education and training,”  a process which intends to establish and improve the capabilities of military personnel in their respective roles, and technology maintenance. Technology maintenance can be called as ”maintenance, repair, and operations” (“MRO”), or “maintenance, repair, and overhaul,” which involves fixing any sort of mechanical, plumbing or electrical device should it become out of order or broken (known as repair, unscheduled or casualty maintenance).

Another role of military personnel is to ensure a continuous replacement of departing servicemen and women through military recruitment, or the act of requesting people, usually male adults, to join a military voluntarily, and the maintenance of a “military reserve,” “tactical reserve,” “strategic reserve,” “reserve formation,” or simply “reserve,” a group of military personnel or units which are initially not committed to a battle by their commander or that they are available to address unforeseen situations or exploit suddenly developing opportunities.

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Military science on a military organization

Every nation in the history of mankind had different needs for military forces. The basis of their composition, equipment and use of facilities is formed when the needs are determined. Aside from that, it also determines what military does in terms of peacetime and wartime activities.

All militaries, whether large or small, are military organizations, or the structuring of the armed forces of a state so as to offer military capability required by the national defence policy. They must perform certain functions and fulfill certain roles to qualify for being designated as such. If they fail to do so, they may become known as: paramilitary, a military force whose function and organization are similar to those of a professional military, but which is not considered part of a state’s formal armed forces; civil defense, “civil protection,” an effort to protect the citizens of a state, generally non-combatants, from military attack; militia, or irregular army, commonly used to refer to a military force composed of ordinary citizens to provide defense, emergency law enforcement, or paramilitary service, in times of emergency without being paid a regular salary or committed to a fixed term of service; or others which are not military. The commonalities of that state’s military define them.

Military science is the process of translating national defence policy to produce military capability by employing military scientists, including theorists, researchers, experimental scientists, applied scientists, designers, engineers, test technicians, and military personnel responsible for prototyping. Because most of the concepts and methods used by the military, and many of its systems are not found in the commercial use, much of the material is researched, designed, developed and offered for inclusion in arsenals by military science organization within the overall structure of the military. Military scientists are therefore found to interact with all Arms and Services of the armed forces, and at all levels of the military hierarchy of command.

Although concerned with research into military psychology, the research, design and application of psychological theories and experimentation data towards understanding, predicting and countering behaviours either in friendly or enemy forces or civilian population that may be undesirable, threatening or potentially dangerous to the conduct of military operations, and particularly combat stress and how it affect troop morale, also known as “esprit de corps” when discussing the morale of a group (a term used to describe the capacity of people to maintain belief in an institution or a goal, or even in oneself and others, often the bulk of military science activities is directed at the following: military intelligence technology; military communications, which involves all aspects of communications, or conveyance of information, by armed forces; and improving military capability, defined by the Australian Defence Force as “the ability to achieve a desired effect in a specific operating environment, through research, design, development and prototyping of weapons (also called as “arm,” or “armament,” a tool or instrument used in order to inflict damage or harm to living things--physical or mental--artificial structures, or systems), military support equipment, and military technology. Military technology, the collection of equipment, vehicles, structures and communication system that are designed for use in warfare, in general includes everything from global communication networks and aircraft carriers, warships designed with a primary mission of deploying and recovering aircraft, acting as a seagoing airbase, to paint and food.  

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