The term “war finance,” branch of defense economics, denotes a number of measures including fiscal and monetary initiatives to fund the expenditure of a war, an organized, armed, and often a prolonged conflict that is carried on between states, nations, or other parties typified by extreme aggression, social disruption, and usually high mortality.
Such measures are broadly classified in three categories: levy of taxes, the imposed financial charge or other levy upon a “taxpayer,” an individual or legal entity, by a state or the functional equivalent of a state such that failure to pay is punishable by law; raising of debts, an obligation owed by one party (the debtor) to a second party (the creditor), usually referring to assets granted by the creditor to the debtor, but the term can also be used metaphorically to cover moral obligations and other interactions not based on economic value; and creation of fresh money supply, or “money stock,” which in economics, is the total amount of monetary assets available in an economy at a specific time. Thus, these measure may include levy of specific taxation, increase and enlarging the scope of existing taxation, raising of compulsory and voluntary loans from the public, arranging loans from foreign sovereign states or financial institutions, as also creation of money by the government or the central banking authority.
Throughout the history of human civilization, from the ancient time until the modern era, conflicts and wars have always been involved in raising of resources and war finance has remained, in some form or another, a major part of any defense economy.
Every nation in the history of mankind had different needs for military forces. The basis of their composition, equipment and use of facilities is formed when the needs are determined. Aside from that, it also determines what military does in terms of peacetime and wartime activities.
All militaries, whether large or small, are military organizations, or the structuring of the armed forces of a state so as to offer military capability required by the national defence policy. They must perform certain functions and fulfill certain roles to qualify for being designated as such. If they fail to do so, they may become known as: paramilitary, a military force whose function and organization are similar to those of a professional military, but which is not considered part of a state’s formal armed forces; civil defense, “civil protection,” an effort to protect the citizens of a state, generally non-combatants, from military attack; militia, or irregular army, commonly used to refer to a military force composed of ordinary citizens to provide defense, emergency law enforcement, or paramilitary service, in times of emergency without being paid a regular salary or committed to a fixed term of service; or others which are not military. The commonalities of that state’s military define them.
Another requirement is for the military command personnel, often called their officer corps, a member of an armed force or uniformed service who holds a position of authority, to command subordinated military personnel, a blanket term used to refer to members of any formed force. They are generally known as soldiers, the people who fight as part of an organized land-based armed force, however generally called a mercenary soldier, or simply mercenary, if that force is hiring the person; sailors (“mariners,” or “seaman”), a person who navigates water-borne vessels or assists in their operation, maintenance, or service; marines, a member of an infantry force that specialized in naval operations such as amphibious assault; or airmen, members of the air component of a nation’s armed service. They are capable of executing the many specialized operational missions and tasks required for the military to execute the policy directives. Military also has its projects, and routines; ”military administration” which identifies both the techniques and systems used by military departments, agencies, and Armed Services involved in the management of the armed forces. It is just like in the commercial enterprises, (also known as a “business,” or a “firm”) when an organization engaged in the trade of goods, services, or both to consumers, where there are, in a corporate setting, directors, managers, and various staff that carry out the business of the day as part of business operations, or those ongoing recurring (cyclic) activities involved in the running of a business of the purpose of producing value for the stakeholders, or undertake business project management, or the discipline of planning, organizing, securing, managing, leading and controlling resources to achieve specific goals.
During peacetime when military personnel are mostly employed in garrisons, the collective term of a body of troops stationed in a particular location, originally to guard it, but now often simply using it as a home base, or permanent military facilities they mostly conduct administrative tasks, “military education and training,” a process which intends to establish and improve the capabilities of military personnel in their respective roles, and technology maintenance. Technology maintenance can be called as ”maintenance, repair, and operations” (“MRO”), or “maintenance, repair, and overhaul,” which involves fixing any sort of mechanical, plumbing or electrical device should it become out of order or broken (known as repair, unscheduled or casualty maintenance).
Another role of military personnel is to ensure a continuous replacement of departing servicemen and women through military recruitment, or the act of requesting people, usually male adults, to join a military voluntarily, and the maintenance of a “military reserve,” “tactical reserve,” “strategic reserve,” “reserve formation,” or simply “reserve,” a group of military personnel or units which are initially not committed to a battle by their commander or that they are available to address unforeseen situations or exploit suddenly developing opportunities.
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